![]() Robert Todd Carroll |
evolutionary psychology ÁøÈ·ÐÀû ½É¸®ÇÐ
ÁøÈ·ÐÀû ½É¸®ÇÐÀº »çȸ»ý¹°ÇÐÀ¸·Î °æÇèÀûÀÎ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸³ª ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Àΰ£¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç°í´Â ºüÁ®ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ À̰ÍÀÌ John Tooby ¿Í Leda CosmidesÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº UC Santa Barbara husband-and-wife teamÀ¸·Î 1992³â¿¡ ÀÌ ¸»À» ¸¸µé¾î³Â´Ù. Tooby´Â Human Behavior and Evolution Society (HBES)¶ó´Â ÁøÈ·ÐÀû ½É¸®ÇÐÀÇ Àü¹® Á¶Á÷ÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀÚÀÌ´Ù. »çȸ»ý¹°ÇÐÀº E.O.WilsonÀÇ Àú¼ Sociobiology: The New Synthesis(1975)¿¡¼ µû·Ð °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àª½¼Àº ÀÚ¿¬ÁÖÀÇÀÚ(¹Ú¹°ÇÐÀÚ) À̸ç ÁøÈ·ÐÀûÀÎ »ý¹°ÇÐÀÚÀÌ¸ç ³ªÁß¿¡ öÇÐÀÚ·Î µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â °ïÃæÀÇ Çൿ°ú ÁøÈ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ À§´ëÇÑ ¾÷ÀûÀ» ³²±ä »ç¶÷ÀÌ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Àΰ£Çൿ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀÎ »ý°¢Àº »çȸ»ý¹°ÇÐÀÇ ³í¶õÀ» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â Çй® ºÐ¾ß°¡ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ÇаèÀÇ È¯°æ¿¡¼ µ¹¿¬º¯À̸¦ ÀÏÀ¸ÄѼ ½É¸®Çаú¿¡ °¡Àå Àß ÀûÀÀÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ¼ºÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. ÁøÈ½É¸®ÇÐÀÇ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ °¡Á¤Àº ¸ðµç Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇൿÀº ÁøÈ·ÐÀûÀÎ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ¿Ï¼öÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °æÀïÀ̶õ ¿ë¾î·Î ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÁøÈ°¡ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ» °¡Áú ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ÁøÈ¶ó´Â ´«¸Õ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º´Â ¾î¶² ÀÏÀÌ ÀÏ¾î³ µÚ¿¡ º¸¸é ¸ñÀûÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸ »ç½ÇÀº ÀüÇô ¸ñÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¸ÞÄ«´ÏÁòÀ¸·Î °¡Àå Àß Ç¥ÇöµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ½Å°æ¾²Áö ¸»¶ó. ¸ñÀûÀ» °®±â À§Çؼ´Â ÁøÈ´Â ÀǽÄÀ» °¡Áø Á¸ÀçÀÇ ÀǵµÇÏ´Â ¹Ù°¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ¿ì¸®°¡ âÁ¶ÁÖ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ̳ª ȤÀº ¿ìÁÖÀÇ Àǽİú °°Àº ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¸À縦 °¡Á¤ÇÑ´Ù¸é ÁøÈ´Â ¸ñÀûÀ» °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÁøÈÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ¸ñÇ¥´Â ÁøÈ ½É¸®Çп¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é »ý½ÄÀÌ´Ù. °ÑÀ¸·Î´Â, Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÇൿÀº »ý½ÄÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ³ôÀ̱â À§ÇÑ ÀûÀÀ °úÁ¤À¸·Î º¸ÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´Ù¸¥ °üÁ¡µµ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ´Ïü°¡ ¸»ÇßµíÀÌ °ÇÑ ¼º¿åÀ» °¡Áø µ¿¹°Àº ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀº °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº ÀÚ¼ÕÀ» ³²±ä´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº »ý½ÄÀ» Çϱâ À§Çؼ °ÇÑ ¼º¿åÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ´ë È«¼ö´Â ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ÆøÆ÷¸¦ âÁ¶Çϱâ À§Çؼ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÏÁöµµ ¸ð¸£¸ç ¾î¶² ÀÌ´Â À̸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼ ´ëÈ«¼öµµ ÀûÀÀÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÒÁöµµ ¸ð¸£Áö¸¸ ±×°ÍÀº À߸øµÈ »ý°¢ÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ³¯¾¾°¡ Ãä°í ´ç½ÅÀÌ ÄÚÆ®¸¦ ÀÔ°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é ´ç½ÅÀº ÀûÀÀÀ» ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¼ÓÇÑ Á¾(species)ÀÌ ¿Â¸ö¿¡ ÅÐÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, À̰ÍÀº adaptationÀÇ °á°ú°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÅÐÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¼±Á¶µéÀº »ì¾Æ³²Áö ¸øÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÈļÕÀÌ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³¯¾¾°¡ Ãß¿öÁú¼ö·Ï ÅÐÀÌ ¸¹Àº µ¿¹°ÀÌ ´õ »ì±â À¯¸®ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç ÅÐÀÌ ¸¹Àº °³Ã¼°¡ Á»´õ ¸¹¾ÆÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ 2°¡Áö »ç·ÊµéÀº ÁøÈ ½É¸®ÇÐÀÇ Á»´õ ÁÖüÀûÀÎ »ç·ÊµéÀÌ´Ù. (1) Randy Thornhill and Craig T. Palmer¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ '°°£ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬»ç : ¼ºÀû °¾ÐÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ±âÃÊ(A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion , 2000)' ¿Í (2) Kevin MacDonald¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ 'ºñÆòÀÇ ¹®È : À¯´ëÀÎÀÇ 20¼¼±â ÁöÀû Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿îµ¿¿¡ Âü¿©¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁøÈ·ÐÀû ºÐ¼® (The Culture of Critique: An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Involvement in Twentieth-Century Intellectual and Political Movements ,1998)'ÀÌ´Ù. ÁøÈÀûÀÎ ÀûÀÀÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ °°£ Thornhill °ú Palmer ´Â ³²ÀÚµéÀº ÀÚ¼ÕÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ ÆÛ¶ß¸®±â À§ÇÑ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ Àü·«À¸·Î °°£À» Çϵµ·Ï À¯ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ì¸® Á¤ÇØÁ³´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿©¼ºÀÌ °°£À» ´çÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â À§Çؼ´Â ±×³à¸¦ ´ú ¸Å·ÂÀûÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ°Ô ÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³²¼ºµéÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼º¿åÀ» Á¶ÀýÇϱ⸦ ¹Ù·¡¼´Â ¾ÊµÇ´Â °ÍÀº À̰ÍÀº ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ̰í Àΰ£ÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ±×¸®°í ½É¸®ÇÐÀûÀÎ ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀþÀº ³²¼ºµé ¸î ¹«¸®°¡ ´º¿å½ÃÀÇ ¼¾Æ®·Ñ ÆÄÅ©¿¡¼ 2000³â ¿©¸§ Puerto Rican Day Parade°¡ ³¡³ª°í ¿©¼ºµéÀ» °ø°ÝÇÑ °ÍÀº Thornhill °ú PalmerÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ»ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. (25¸íÀÇ ³²ÀÚµéÀÌ 50¸íÀÇ ¿©¼ºÀ» °ø°ÝÇß´Ù°í ±â¼ÒµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç °æÂûÀº ±Ùó¿¡ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.) ±×·¯³ª, ¸ðµç ³²¼ºµéÀÌ ÀýÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ºñÀ±¸®ÀûÀÎ µ¿¹°°ú °°ÀÌ ÇൿÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. À̼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼º¿åÀÌ °ÇÑ ³²ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÀýÁ¦ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ¼º¿å¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ÇൿÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ¿ª½Ã ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ³²ÀÚ´Â ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ÇØµµ ¸¹Àº ³²ÀÚµéÀº ¾ç½ÉÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç À±¸®ÀǽÄÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¼³»ç °ÅÀÇ ¸Ç»ìÀ» µå·¯³»µíÀÌ ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔÀº ¿©ÀÚ³ª µµ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔÀº ¿©ÀÚ¶ó°í ÇÒÁö¶óµµ, ´Ù¸¥ ³²ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀýÁ¦ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÒ ¶§¶óµµ, ±×³àµéÀ» ¼ºÀûÀ¸·Î °ø°ÝÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÀýÁ¦ÇÒ ÁÙ ¾È´Ù. ÀÌ ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ¾ç½É°ú À±¸®ÀÇ ÁøÈ·ÐÀû ¸ñÀûÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô »ý°¢ÇÒÁö ±Ã±ÝÇÏ´Ù. »ç½Ç ¿ì¸®´Â ±×µéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô »ý°¢ÇÒÁö ÀÌ¹Ì ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. À±¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ DNA¸¦ ¿µ¼Ó½Ã۱â À§Çؼ ¼³°èµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ºÐ¸íÈ÷ µµ´öÀûÀÌ°í ´Ù¸¥ ¿©¼ºÀ» °°£ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ³²ÀÚ°¡ ±×µéÀÇ ¾¾¸¦ ÆÛ¶ß¸± È®·üÀÌ ´õ ³ô´Ù. ¶Ç´Â À±¸®´Â ¾Æ¸¶ ±×´ë·Î ÇàÇÒ °èȹÀÌ ¾ø´Â ³²ÀÚµéÀÇ ±â¸¸ÀÏÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ¸¸¾à ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº °áÈ¥Çϱâ Àü±îÁö´Â µ¶½ÅÀ¸·Î Áö³»°í ÀϺÎÀÏóÁ¦¸¦ À¯ÁöÇ϶ó°í ¼³µæÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼ ±×µéÀº ±âȸ°¡ µÇ´Â´ë·Î È£»ö°¡Ã³·³ Ȱµ¿ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é ºñµµ´öÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ´õ ¸¹Àº ÈļÕÀ» ³²±æ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à Thornhill°ú Palmer °¡ ¿Ç´Ù¸é, Àΰ£À̶ó´Â Á¾ÀÌ »ì¾Æ³²¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ±âÀûÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ÀÚ¼ÕÀ» ÆÛ¶ß¸®´Âµ¥ °°£ÇÏ°í µµ¸Á°¡´Â °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ¾î¸®¼®Àº Àü·«Àº ¾ø´Â °Í °°´Ù. ¿©¼ºÀ» °ÌÁÖ°í ÀӽŽÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÇ È®·üÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ Á¤ÂøÇؼ °°Àº ¿©ÀÚ¿Í ¿À·£±â°£¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¼º°ü°è¸¦ ÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ÀûÀº È®·üÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ´ç½ÅÀÌ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÈļÕÀ» ¸¸µé°í ½Í´Ù¸é ´ç½ÅÀº ÁÖº¯¿¡ ¸Ó¹°·¯¼ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÅõÀÚ¸¦ º¸È£ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀº ´Ù¸¥ ³²ÀÚµéÀÌ Ä§¹üÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀº ´ç½ÅÀÌ ÈļÕÀÌ ¼¼´ë¸¦ À̾µµ·Ï, ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÈļÕÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ°í ¾çÀ°ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ´Â »ó´ë¸¦ °ñ¶ó¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÈļÕÀÌ ¸¸¾à ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¼ºÀåÇØ¼ »ý½ÄÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¾¾¸¦ »Ñ¸° °ÍÀº ÇêµÇ¾î ¹ö¸°´Ù. ¸¸¾à Thornhill °ú Palmer°¡ °°£À» ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÁöÀû ´É·ÂÀÌ ³·´Ù´Â ÀڷḦ Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é ±×µéÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ¾î´ÀÁ¤µµ ¸Â´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ°Ô µÉÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ¸¸¾à DNA¸¦ ³Î¸® ÆÛÆ®¸®´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸ñÀûÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù¸é °°£ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿ì¸® Á¾(species)Áß¿¡¼ °¡Àå ¸ÛûÇÑ ºÎ·ùÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ ÁøÈ·ÐÀûÀÎ Àü·« ͏®Æ÷´Ï¾ÆÁÖ ·ÕºñÄ¡ÀÇ ±³¼öÀÎ MacDonald´Â ½Ãȸ »ý¹°Çк¸´Ù ´ú »ç»öÀûÀÌ°í ´õ¿í °æÇèÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» °ø¾ðÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â À¯´ëÀεéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ´ÜÀÏÇÑ ¹®È¿Í ÇÔ²²ÇÏ´Â ´ÜÀÏÇÑ ÁøÈ·ÐÀûÀÎ Àü·«À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡Á¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±× Àü·«ÀÇ ÀϺδ ¹Ý ¼ÀÁ·ÁÖÀǸ¦ µ¶·ÁÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. New Times Los AngelesÀÇ Åä´Ï ¿À¸£Å×°¡(Tony Ortega)¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé
¿À¸£Å×°¡´Â ¸Æµµ³¯µåÀÇ ÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ÁÖµÈ Áõ°Å´Â À¯´ëÀÎÀ̾ú´ø ±×ÀÇ ´ëÇб³ ·ë¸ÞÀÌÆ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ °æÇèÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. ¸Æµµ³¯µå´Â Ȧ·ÎÄÚ½ºÆ® ºÎÁ¤·ÐÀÚÀÎ µ¥À̺ñµå ¾îºùÀ» À§Çؼ Áõ¾ðÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÇÐÀڷμÀÇ ¿î¸íÀ» ¸¶Ä¡°Ô µÈ °Í °°´Ù. --- Áß°£ Ãß°¡³»¿ë ¹× ÀϺΠ»èÁ¦µÊ evolutionary psychology and terrorism For those who think that the above characterization of evolutionary psychology is a caricature, consider how eloquent this theory is as an explanation for terrorism, especially for the type of terrorism that is conducted by people who aim to kill themselves while committing their acts of terror. The sexual strategy exhibited here is simple. As a bonus the strategy solves the problem of jealousy, a plague to men and women of all ages. Clearly, the terrorist aims to reduce the chances of his enemy's genes being reproduced. War, in fact, is just a man's way of eliminating potential adulterers from cuckolding him. Yet, it may seem inexplicable that a man would kill himself or put his life in imminent danger of being ended just to block a few sperm from swimming towards his mate's eggs. After all, he can't spread his genetic material unto future generations if he is dead. But evolutionary psychology has an answer for this seeming paradox. Suicide bombers and soldiers are unattractive men with small brains who have been manipulated by men with big brains and large testicles. The aim of the manipulators is clear: reduce the competition for egg fertilization. Those who are manipulated are, simply put, evolution's losers. Some believe that religion and nationalism were invented as a kind of handy tool for this kind of manipulation. The big-brained convince the unattractive small-brained that by dying or killing themselves for the faith or the nation, they will be rewarded with some special prize in the afterlife. The unattractive small-brained figure they don't have much chance of spreading their seed anyway, so why not go for an orgy in the afterlife where their ugliness or cranial size will not count against them? The Roman's had their Elysian Fields and the believers in jihad have their voluptuous young maidens (houri) waiting for them in heaven. In the meantime, the big-brained are left to do their religious and patriotic duty and fertilize as many living women as possible. evolutionary psychology and hindsight The theories of some evolutionary psychologists are explanations that, with hindsight, seem plausible. But they seem to lack one key ingredient of scientific theories: predictive power. They seem to be about as useful as the Bible Code for predicting the future, though both might seem capable of retrodicting the past. Neither seem particularly useful for understanding the present. In many ways, the speculations of some evolutionary psychologists are reminiscent of psychoanalysis. They explain everything and hence cannot be tested empirically. Nothing could ever refute them. They offer plausible sounding explanations based upon plausible sounding speculations. They remind us of how easy it is to find data to support just about any hypothesis, as long as we ignore contrary evidence or posit untestable hypotheses. They appear to be makers of myths for academic psychologists as the Freudians were in a previous generation. Will evolutionary psychology go the way of Freudian psychology or will it become a brave new science, providing us with a firm and empirically grounded understanding of human behavior? Only time will tell.
°ü·ÃµÈ Ç׸ñ : confirmation bias and pseudoscience. Àбâ ÀÚ·á
Alexander, Richard D. The Biology of Moral Systems (Aldine De Gruyter 1987). Mayr, Ernst. This Is Biology : The Science of the Living World (Belknap Press, 1998). |
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